ABSTRACT
When an infected person coughs, thousands of micro-size aerosol particles will transmit to the surrounding, especially in a closed space. Mosque is one of the confined areas that Muslims regularly go to pray together. Multiple standards of procedures have been proposed to prevent the virus transmission, however, the cases involving people praying in mosque are still reported. This study aims to simulate the virus transmission in mosque by modelling the aerosol particles generated by the worshipper coughing. A geometry of praying area in mosque was created mimicking the actual praying space. Realistic boundary conditions involving coughing, airflow at the inlet and outlet diffusers were specified. The simulation result confirms that the SARS-COV-2 virus in a closed space praying room is not uniform and it is strongly influenced by the location of the coughing source and the air conditioning layout. The study also recorded Ma’mums are at the higher chance to get infected if one of the Ma’mum is the COVID-19 carrier due to the nature of normal congregational praying arrangement. The outcomes of this study may help the scientist and the authorities to understand how dramatic COVID-19 virus may spread in the confined praying area, hence, may enforce a better standard of procedure in a mosque. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The infestation of the world pandemic has significantly changed the landscape of teaching and learning experience in Malaysia. Particularly for the institution under study, E-learning, previously used as the support medium to face-to-face classroom teaching, has become the primary medium of teaching and learning amid Covid-19. E-learning platform has replaced the face-to-face classes. Even though it is only a temporary approach, less is known in terms of its effectiveness. The present paper intends to examine the factors contributing to E-learning's effectiveness in a Higher Education Institution in Malaysia amid the COVID-19 crisis. The Technology Acceptance Model underpinned the conceptual framework. This study investigated the relationship between the independent variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and self-motivation) and E-learning effectiveness. The data were collected through an online self-administrated questionnaire using Google form and received a total of 354 respondents. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The findings revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and self-motivation positively influenced E-learning's effectiveness. This paper concluded that regardless of whether as the support medium or the primary medium in the teaching and learning process, the determinant to E-Learning effectiveness is still perceived the same. This study also supports the TAM proposition while incorporate self-motivation in measuring learning effectiveness. © 2021 University of Tehran. All rights reserved.